Week 4 ion channel —2 Peer Response 800w. due9-26-23

Instructions:

Please read and respond to the two peers' initial postings for week 2 below. Consider the following questions in your responses.

Compare and contrast your initial posting with those of your peers.  

1. How are they similar or how are they different?

2. What information can you add that would help support the responses of your peers?

3. Ask your peers a question for clarification about their post.

4. What most interests you about their responses? 

5. Summaries at least 1 evidence based article that supports there point.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.

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Response 1 400 words mam

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Differentiate between the opening of a ligand-gated ion channel and a voltage-sensitive ion channel.

·         In the nervous system, there are two important types of ion channels: voltage-gated ion channels and ligand-gated ion channels. Both of these ion channels play crucial roles in transmitting electrical signals, often referred to as messages, throughout the nervous system. Each type of channel has its own specific mechanism for opening and closing. These ion channel proteins are influenced by various stimuli or external factors, which can trigger their activation or deactivation within the cell's plasma membrane (Xiao-Yu, 2023). 

·         Ligand-gated ion channels, as their name suggests, require a ligand to open. Ligands are chemical messengers that can bind to protein receptors on the channel. In simpler terms, when a specific chemical, such as a neurotransmitter, binds to the channel's receptor, it triggers a conformational change in the protein channel. As a result, the channel gains the ability to open, allowing ions (usually Na+, K+, or Cl-) to flow through the channel pore (Stahl, 2021). Ligands can include neurotransmitters, hormones, medications, and other molecules. Each ligand-gated ion channel has a specific binding site for its particular ligand. Most ligand-gated ion channels are located at synapses. When neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, they can bind to their specific binding sites on ligand-gated ion channels found in the post-synaptic cell membrane. This binding facilitates the transfer of signals. Ligand-gated channels are known for their rapid response and are well-suited for fast synaptic transmissions (Stahl, 2021).

·         Voltage-gated ion channels are distinct from ligand-gated channels in that they respond to changes in electrical charge, specifically the membrane potential, rather than chemical ligands. These ion channels are regulated by alterations in the voltage across the cell membrane. The distribution of positive and negative ions on either side of the cell membrane varies. Typically, during the resting state, the inside of the cell membrane carries a more negative charge compared to the outside. When a signal is potent enough to elevate the positive voltage within the cell membrane, reaching a critical threshold, the voltage-gated channels open (depolarization). During the depolarization period, voltage-gated ion channels allow the transfer of ions, which initiates an action potential. Various stimuli or external factors have the capability to trigger the activation or deactivation of voltage-gated channel proteins present within the cell's plasma membrane. Voltage-sensitive channels are distributed along the axons and dendrites of neurons throughout the nervous system. Additionally, they can be found in other excitable cell types, including muscle and cardiac cells (Stahl, 2021).

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References

· Stahl, S. M. (2021). 
Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application (5th ed.).

· Xiao-Yu, D. (2023). Calcium ion channels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
 Journal of Fungi, 9(5), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9050524

Response 2. 400 words mc

Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels.

The two major classes of ion channels according to Stahl (2021), are 
ligand-gated ion channels, ionotropic receptors and ion-channel-linked receptors and 
voltage-sensitive or voltage-gated ion channels. Ligand-gated ion channels are ion channels that are closed and opened by actions of neurotransmitter ligands at receptors acting as gatekeepers. The neurotransmitter binds to the gatekeeper receptor, which in turn causes a conformational change in the receptor, opening the ion channel. The receptors regulate the opening and closing of the ion channels and are therefore ligand-gated ion channels. On the other hand, the opening and closing of voltage-sensitive or voltage-gated ion channels is regulated by voltage potential or ionic charge across the membrane in which they reside (Stahl, 2021).

Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists.

The action of full agonists is to change the conformation of the receptor to open the ion channel the maximum amount and frequency allowed by the binding site (Stahl, 2021). Consequently, the maximum amount of downside signal transduction is triggered and medicated by the binding site. In contrast, partial agonists change the receptor conformation to open the ion channel to a greater extent and more frequently than its resting state (Stahl, 2021). As a result, the downstream signal transduction and ion flow produced in the absence of an agonist is greater than the resting state but less than that of full agonists.

Antagonists, on the other hand, stabilize the receptor in the resting state, which is similar to the state of the receptor in the absence of agonist (Stahl, 2021). Antagonists are said to be silent or neutral because the resting state is the same in the absence or presence of an antagonist. The resting state of an antagonist is not a fully closed ion channel and as a result, some degree of ion flow through the channel even in the absence of an agonist and in the presence of antagonist. Inverse agonists are neither neutral nor silent like the antagonists. They produce a conformational change in the receptors at ligand-gated ion channels causing the channel to close first, then stabilizing it in an inactive form. As a result of inactive conformation action of inverse agonists, ion flow and signal transduction are functionally reduced compared to the resting state. The action of inverse agonists is reversed by antagonists (Stahl, 2021).

References

Stahl, S. M. (2021). 
Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

1.

Post a brief explanation of the role of the nurse with a practice doctorate. Be specific. Explain the expectations associated with obtaining this degree, including how these expectations might be different for a nurse who holds a different degree. Then, explain how these considerations relate to your motivation to pursue a DNP, including a brief description of how your role as a DNP-prepared nurse will meet a potential organization’s need to address a gap in practice or implement a practice change. Discuss any experiences you have had in addressing a gap in practice or a practice change within an organization. Be specific.

• American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2006). The essentials of doctoral education for advanced nursing practice. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/Publications/DNPEssentials.pdf
• Beeber, A. S., Palmer, C., Waldrop, J., Lynn, M. R., & Jones, C. B. (2019). The role of Doctor of Nursing Practice-prepared nurses in practice settings. Nursing Outlook, 67(4), 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2019.02.006
• Falkenberg-Olson, A. C. (2019). Research translation and the evolving PhD and DNP practice roles: A collaborative call for nurse practitioners.Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 31(8), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000266
• Fiset, V. J., Davies, B. L, Graham, I. D., Gifford, W., & Woodend, K. (2019). Developing guideline-based quality indicators: Assessing gaps in pain management practice. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 17(2), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000160
• Giardino, E. R., & Hickey, J. V. (2020). Doctor of Nursing Practice students’ perceptions of professional change through the DNP program. Journal of Professional Nursing, 36(6), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.08.012
• Hartjes, T. M., Lester, D., Arasi-Ruddock, L., McFadden Bradley, S., Munro, S., & Cowan, L. (2019). Answering the question: Is the Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Nursing Practice right for me?Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 31(8), 439–442. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000273
• Rew, L., Cauvin, S., Cengiz, A., Pretorius, K., & Johnson, K. (2020). Application of project management tools and techniques to support nursing intervention research. Nursing Outlook, 68(4), 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.01.007
• Tussing, T., Brinkman, B., Francis, D., Hixon, B., Labardee, R., & Chipps, E. (2018). The impact of the Doctorate of Nursing practice nurse in a hospital setting. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 48(12), 600–602. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000688
• Walden University. (2021). DNP capstone resources NURS 8702 and NURS 8703. Office of Research and Doctoral Studies. https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/research-center/program-documents/dnp-8702-8703
• Walden University. (n.d.). Field experience: College of nursing. Field Experience. https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/fieldexperience

 

What areas related to test-taking do you feel need improvement? What strategies could you utilize to improve your own test-taking skills? List a minimum of five strategies you have identified that will assist in your successful outcome.

Your initial response to the post should be 400 words in length and include proper APA formatting when referencing your resources.

summit the complete question

During the course, you have done a thorough analysis of a company and the health care subsector in which the company operates now is the time to look at all your findings and insights and frame the situation of the company in terms of cost, access, and quality. Specifically:

1. Are there any major cost-containment policies or practices from private insurers or the government that affect your company? Are there any internal/ competitive forces that are trying to do the same?
2. How does your company (and industry) is assessed in terms of its ability to offer access to all populations?
3. What kind of quality assessment and assurance is done? Are there any positive or negative stories about the quality of health care services of the organization?