Psychopharmacology

1.Define psychopharmacology and pharmacodynamics and describe the neuron’s cellular structure. Include the definition of synapses as well as their significance to the nervous and psychological system. 

2.Research an article on neuron’s cellular structure works and explain what you found interesting about this topic.

Discussion should be 500 words minimum. Reply to classmates 250 words. References in APA not older than 5 years.

Post your original response by the end of Day 3. Then, by the end of Day 6, comment on at least two of your classmates’ posts.

If you copy and paste references from the course into your assignment, be sure to confirm APA formatting before submitting.

Please Note

Assessmsnt

·
Paragraph One: Briefly describe the type(s) of nursing health assessments you commonly perform.

· Explain how your nursing health assessments are focused or comprehensive.

· Provide examples of key subjective and objective data collected by nurses in this setting.

·
Paragraph Two: Describe the typical patient population in your practice setting.

· What are some special considerations that you have used for obtaining an accurate health history and physical assessment in this patient population?

· Examples may include age, lifestyle, financial status, health status, culture, religion, or spiritual practices.

disc1

answer those two questions. The first is to give an example that is related to cannabis and alcohol and mental health as depression, anxiety or ADHA the second related to Caucasian….. references at least 2

1. What is the role of patient education strategies in reducing the use of substances (cannabis and alcohol) as a coping mechanism in patients with mental health (depression, anxiety, ADHD?

2. How does cultural factors (caucasian) and the perception of mental disorders affect the patient’s compliance to a treatment plan?

powerpoint

1: Title • Title: Understanding Asthma and COPD

• Subtitle: Essential Knowledge for Nurse Practitioners 

2: Introduction

• Brief overview of the importance of Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Glucocorticoids) and Bronchodilators in healthcare. 

• Mention the aim of the presentation: to provide an understanding of different types of Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Glucocorticoids) and Bronchodilators and their clinical applications. 

3: Management of asthma and COPD 

• Classification of asthma severity 

• Classification of COPD (air flow limitation severity)

4: Types of drug treatments

• Detail the two main categories: Oral and Inhaled Anti-inflammatory drugs (Glucocorticoids) and bronchodilators 

• Mention common examples from each category. 

5: Oral Anti-inflammatory drugs (Glucocorticoids, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors) and bronchodilators (Methylxanthine)

• Discuss commonly used oral Glucocorticoids like Prednisone, Montelukast, Roflumilast and Theophylline.

• Emphasize their indications, dosages, and monitoring requirements.

6: Inhaled Anti-inflammatory drugs (Glucocorticoids) and bronchodilators (Anticholinergic, b2 adrenergic agonist)

• Explain the use of inhaled drugs such as Beclomethasone, Cromolyn, Ipratropium, Tiotropium, and Albuterol, Salmeterol.

• Describe when and how these are administered (types of inhalation devices, Meter-dose inhalers, dry-powder inhaler, and nebulizers). 

7: Anti-inflammatory drugs (Monoclonal antibodies) 

• Highlight the benefits and considerations (Blackbox warning) of Omalizumab

8: Monitoring and Safety 

• Discuss the importance of regular monitoring therapy. 

• Address safety concerns.

10: Patient Education 

• Provide key points for patient education regarding Anti-inflammatory drugs (Glucocorticoids) and bronchodilators therapy.

• Emphasize compliance.

11: Conclusion 

• Summarize key takeaways from the presentation.

• Reiterate the importance of nurse practitioners’ role in managing Asthma and COPD therapy. 

12 Resources

• Provide references and recommended readings for further learning.

The group PPT should have a minimum of 20 slides and no more than 40 with speaker notes. (Including group members, outline, reference page). Reference and citations must be in APA format 6th or 7th Ed. 

The presentation should be directed to the pharmacological management of the disease. It should include the following: Drug indications, drug classification, generic name and most common brand name, mechanism of action, side effects, drug interactions, use of the drug in different populations and important pearls.

discussion- 5300

Research methods used frequently in nursing can be classified in different ways. Discuss the classification of research methodologies used in nursing research.

Please include 400 words and a scholarly reference

w9answer2II

respond to the topic,(Pregnant women and bipolar depresion) say I agree with what you said for this and for this. and add information that deals with the same thing but is not mentioned in that work, the answers that have an argument…

at least 3 references

Pregnant Women and Bipolar Depression

 

     In this discussion post, I will explain pregnancy in women diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD), classified as high-risk due to various clinical and pharmacotherapeutic factors.  When giving psychiatric drugs to a pregnant woman, it is very important to carefully weigh the possible effects of psychotropic drug exposure on the unborn fetus against the chance of a bipolar disorder relapse. If bipolar disorder is not treated, it can have detrimental effects on the health of both the mother and the unborn child in the case of a relapse. Access to comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding the safety of preventive medications for bipolar disorder is essential for making informed choices (Singh & Deep, 2022).

It is crucial for healthcare providers to have discussions with patients about psychiatric drugs, including their advantages and disadvantages, both before and during pregnancy, as well as postpartum; however, we will concentrate on pharmacological interventions during pregnancy in general. Even if the patient decides not to pursue pharmacotherapy, this choice is still considered a therapeutic option. Most mental health conditions, including postpartum depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, require therapeutic drug management during pregnancy (Creeley & Denton, 2019).

The discontinuation of antipsychotic medication in patients is well documented to increase the likelihood of return of dipolar episodes. This is a significant problem, leading to a higher risk of inadequate peripartum care, suboptimal mother and fetal nutrition, difficulties throughout pregnancy, and postpartum depression. Furthermore, there is a hypothesis suggesting that the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, which is linked to untreated depression, may have detrimental impacts on the fetus's health and the child's development (Creeley & Denton, 2019). Another significant concern is that no two expectant mothers with bipolar 1 depression are identical. For example, one patient has a documented record of multiple suicide attempts, while the other has been stable. The patient with a history of suicidal attempts would undoubtedly benefit from psychotropic medication at this juncture.

There is no documented approved FDA first-line drug therapy for pregnant women who are bipolar. However, atypical antipsychotics are used off-label, according to Betcher et al. (2019). Lurasidone is deemed a preferable option for antipsychotic treatment during pregnancy due to its categorization as a Category B medication in the previous pregnant drug classification system. This classification indicates that animal tests did not indicate birth defects.   Regrettably, there is a lack of empirical data regarding the safety or potential hazards of lurasidone in human subjects during pregnancy or lactation (Betcher et al., 2019). Several clinical investigations indicate that lurasidone is tolerable, demonstrating a favorable combination of effectiveness and safety. These antipsychotics are regarded as metabolically favorable. It does not affect weight gain, lipids, or glucose levels. Additionally, it is the only atypical antipsychotic proven not to induce Qtc prolongation and one of the few atypicals that do not have a Qtc warning (Stahl's, 2021).

One thing to keep in mind with pregnant and non-pregnant patients is the metabolic issues that arise from the use of antipsychotics. The physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy, like increased metabolism and a subsequent drop in antipsychotic serum levels, are both physiological effects of pregnancy. The amount of medicine in the body decreases during pregnancy because the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoenzymes and the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9 become more active. Gaining or losing weight, increasing or decreasing plasma volume, and altering renal clearance affect medication concentrations (Betcher et al., 2019).

The non-pharmacological treatment options for bipolar disorder (BD) in pregnant women include family-focused treatment (FFT), interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). These intense psychotherapies have substantial evidence supporting their effectiveness in treating bipolar illness (Chiang & Miklowitz, 2023).  The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) study and other psychotherapy studies highlight the significance of psychoeducation as a crucial element in treating bipolar depression. Group treatment that focuses on four clinical issues provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of psychoeducation. These issues include increasing awareness of the condition, promoting adherence to treatment, detecting prodromal symptoms and recurrence early, and encouraging a consistent lifestyle. After 5 years, individuals who underwent structured group psychoeducation experienced a reduction of 75% in the duration of their depressive episodes compared to those who participated in an unstructured support group (Chiang & Miklowitz, 2023).

The presence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and lactating women poses significant hazards to both the mother and the child, necessitating the need for comprehensive management (Graham et al., 2018).  Several guidelines emphasize the importance of carefully weighing the danger of bipolar relapse against the potential harms of psychotropic drugs to the newborn when making decisions about psychotropic therapy for women with bipolar disorder throughout this period.   Still, the study showed that there was not a lot of agreement among the guidelines about how dangerous these drugs might be. This made clinical recommendations and prescribing methods less effective (Graham et al., 2018).

Lastly, the risks and outcomes linked with untreated maternal disorder are as follows if a bipolar-depressive pregnant patient chooses not to use medications: Factors such as low birth weight, small size at birth, preterm birth, and an increased risk of cesarean birth can contribute to various health complications. These complications include small head circumference, hypoglycemia, and an increased risk for long-term neurocognitive, behavioral, and social deficits. Additionally, there is a high postpartum risk for first-onset and recurrent bipolar episodes, hospitalization due to substance use, poor prenatal care, and maternal suicide (Creeley & Denton, 2019). Some antipsychotic medications have harmful effects on pregnant women. For example, Clomipramine can lead to malformations in the fetal cardiovascular system; Valproates can cause birth defects; Carbamazepine can result in spina bifida; and Lithium can be teratogenic and increase the risk of miscarriage (Gruszczyńska-Sińczak et al., 2023).

Discussion

Preparing the Discussion

You are a family nurse practitioner working in an outpatient primary care office of a large hospital system. The practice has been operating for over 15 years, and many of the administrative and clinical staff were hired when the practice opened. You have been in the practice for less than 3 months. In that short amount of time, you have witnessed several of the clinical staff engaging in heated arguments with each other, sometimes in patient areas. You overhear an argument occurring today between two staff. You pick up a patient's chart and notice a very low blood pressure that the medical assistant failed to notify you about. When you confront the MA, she states that she was going to report the vital signs to you when she became engaged in the heated argument you overheard and forgot to notify you. 

Unfortunately, this pattern of behavior is not unusual in this practice. Working with staff who cannot cooperate effectively can negatively influence your ability to spend time with patients, can impede the flow of patients through the office, and could impact patient safety. 

Case Study Responses: 

1. Analyze the case study for potential issues for members of the healthcare team from office conflict. Contrast the potential effects for each member of the healthcare team based on the required readings from the week. Discuss the potential ethical and legal implications for each of the following practice members: 

· Medical assistant

· Nurse Practitioner

· Medical Director

· Practice

2. What strategies would you implement to prevent further episodes of potentially dangerous patient outcomes? 

3. What leadership qualities would you apply to effect positive change in the practice? Focus on the culture of the practice.

4. A scholarly resource must be used for EACH discussion question each week.

see below

see below

Biliary colic without acute cholecystitis

Please see the attachment for instructions

W5 os

 

taking into account internal and external criticism that is used to evaluate mid-range theories or their use in research. critique Self-Efficacy theory using the internal and external critique evaluation process