Hi class. My name is Monterey. My presentation is understanding stroke and a guide for patients and family. First, I would like to explain what stroke is. Stroke is a neurological emergency which can be caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain. We have two major kinds of strokes, the ischemic stroke which is caused by basically clot and it’s very common. About 87% of people with stroke present with this kind of stroke. And we also have hemorrhagic stroke which is majorly bleeding which presents as 30% of the population. it’s the lack of energy and nutrient which can eventually cause cell death so this is the pictorial images of the ischemic stroke versus the hemorrhagic stroke the first one you can see the area with the blockage and the other side with the bleeding there’s a pool of blood in the brain this can happen inside or outside of the brain both eventually leading to reduced oxygenation and the brain and decreased nutrients to the brain why do we study stroke or why do we explain what stroke is or why am i explaining what stroke is this is because it’s one of the leading cause of disability and death in the united states and we always advocate that time is muscle early recognition and treatment is very important In this presentation, I would like to explain the pathophysiology of stroke to my patient’s family. First, I would like to recognize and tell them the risk for stroke. Some risks are modifiable, that means you can do something about it, and some are non -modifiable. The modifiables include eye blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, smoking. This can all be done by smoking cessation, engaging in an active lifestyle. If a patient has eye blood pressure, taking their medications, exercising nutrients to correct hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. And the non-modifiable risk factors stroke is very pertinent in males, African-Americans, and age greater than 55. Like I said earlier, living an elder lifestyle can help decrease the risk. family family history it’s a very great area with physical activities one can still modify it a little bit what are the clinical manifestations of stroke stroke can happen at any time it can it’s a sudden weakness especially on one side of the body one can have a facial droop, difficulty finding words, vision difficulties, and some paralysis. Some people can lift their hands. In the case of your husband, Josh Eddy, I know he’s 65. He has past medical histories of hypertension, type 2 diabetes. These are some of the modifiable cause of stroke. And he was confused. He had facial droop. He had flood species. And he wasn’t working properly. We are glad you found him and you’re able to call for emergency. And he came in within a time frame. he presented to the emergency room he came in within there’s a medication we give people that come in for stroke within a short period of time and because he had he has an history of AFib and he was not on anticoagulation he’s a candidate to get a TPA which is a big blood clot breaker this can be administered between the last known well and the current time if it’s less than three hours in other cases we can do a mechanical thrombectomy when also when it came in blood pressure was a little elevated so we manage blood pressure manages blood sugars just to make sure everything works in sync. Other tests that can be done to diagnose stroke include CT scans. This is like taking a picture of the brain to see if it’s a clot or if it’s a bleed. And we also have a scale to measure the severity of the stroke. It’s called the NiHSS scale. We also do blood work to see if his blood is dropping by taking the CBCs. We check the coagulation level of his blood, which is called the INRPTTs. We also do EKGs just to, you know, ECG just to find the embolic sources. stroke can happen to anyone anytime it happens in children it’s very rare but can it can lead to it can be linked to congenital as or clotting issues it can happen during pregnancy it can happen after pregnancies um and like we said it’s very common in adults older adults But because of their baseline dementia, their confusion, their stroke can go unnoticed because of their other baseline problems. um what i like the families of you get the families you know is that stroke is at emergency um when you notice any kind of change any kind of weakness any kind of facial changes please call for them for emergency because the earlier guests at the hospital are the better um these are my references thank you very much