Unit 12 Discussion Impulsivity and Compulsivity. 800w. 4 references. Due 11-13-23.

1. Please describe the role of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the development or continuation of impulsive/compulsive behaviors. 

2. Please provide two examples of current research on interventions to reduce or eliminate compulsive/impulsive behavior related to addiction. 

3. Summarize the following article “Behavioral Functions of the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System: an Affective Neuroethological Perspective” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238694/

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

1. Role of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the development or continuation of impulsive/compulsive behaviors. The mesolimbic pathway is the dopamine pathway. This pathway extends from the “VTA of the brainstem (mesencephalon) to the nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum which is part of the limbic system (Stahl, 2021, p. 90). This pathway is important as it is involved in the regulating motivation and reward. Hyperactivity of the mesolimbic pathway called hyperdopaminergia, is significant in the display of positive symptoms seen in psychosis, schizophrenia, and depression and can result in impulse, agitation, hostile, and aggressive symptoms. In addition, the hyperactivity of the DA pathway can be because of various psychostimulants. Such as, cocaine and methamphetamine (Stahl, 2021, p.90). In terms of impulsivity and compulsivity Stahl (2020, p.541) states, “Impulsivity can be thought of as the inability to stop the initiation of actions and involves a brain circuit centered on the ventral striatum, linked to the thalamus (T), to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Compulsivity can be thought of as the inability to terminate ongoing actions and hypothetically is centered on a different brain circuit, namely the dorsal striatum, thalamus (T), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Impulsive acts such as drug use, gambling, and obesity can eventually become compulsive due to neuroplastic changes that engage the dorsal habit system and theoretically cause impulses in the ventral loop to migrate to the dorsal loop.” 2. Two examples of current research on interventions to reduce or eliminate compulsive/impulsive behavior related to addiction. According to Hartney (2021), compulsions are considered obsessions with repeated thoughts that create a feeling of distress (Hartley, 2021). The person’s behavior reduces anxiety and fear. An example to consider is obsessive compulsive disorder. In this disorder, the obsession revolves around the need to wash their hands. In the case of addiction, the desire to use will far outweigh the reality that there may be negative consequences. Such as financial strains, health issues, social problems, legal problems and/or decreased self-esteem (Hartney, 2021). Hartney (2021), suggests for treatment of the OCD behavior should include antidepressant medications like serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). These medications may be augmented with antipsychotics at the discretion of the provider. In terms of impulsivity, Kozak and her colleagues (2018) denote there are strong overlaps in the neural circuitry and functional mechanisms between impulsivity traits and addiction, which has directed treatment approaches. Therefore, it has been recommended, SUD treatment should include subjective and objective data and target the pharmacological, behavioral, and neurophysiological areas to individualize the patient’s care (Kozak et al., 2018). This study source was downloaded by 100000769192234 from CourseHero.com on 10-22-2023 17:11:39 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/139195954/Discussion-12-ImpulsivityCompulsivitydocx/ For example: Alcohol use disorder – Naltrexone, Aripiprazole, and Topiramate were successful in decreasing impulsivity behaviors and Problem gambling – paroxetine was found to be successful in impulsivity (Kozak et al., 2018). References: Hartney, E. (2021). The difference between an addiction and a compulsion. Retrieved on March 30, 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/the-difference-between-an-addiction-and-acompulsion-22240 Kozak, K., Lucatch, A. M., Lowe, D., Balodis, I. M., MacKillop, J., & George, T. P. (2019). The neurobiology of impulsivity and substance use disorders: implications for treatment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1451(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13977 Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application (5th ed.). p. 90 & 54, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion

Unit 7 Medications for Psychosis and Schizophrenia Related Disorders 600W. APA. 4 references due 10-17-23.

Answer the following questions:

Which antipsychotics are considered first-generation and why are they used less often than second generation antipsychotics? Are second-generation antipsychotics more effective?

Compare and contrast the following conditions: Tardive Dyskinesia, Acute Dystonia, Athetosis, and Tics.

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Use as a guide please do not copy this information. Also please use the textbook

1. Which antipsychotics are considered first-generation and why are they used less often than second generation antipsychotics? Are second-generation antipsychotics more effective? First generation antipsychotics, also referred to as “typical antipsychotics” were developed in the 1950s. Commonly prescribed first-generation antipsychotics include: Loxitane (loxapine); Mellaril (thioridazine); Moban (molindone); Navane (thiothixene); Prolixin (fluphenazine); Serentil (mesoridazine); Stelazine (trifluoperazine); Trilafon (perphenazine); and Thorazine (chlorpromazine). These first-generation antipsychotics are used less often than second generation antipsychotics because these medications have a high risk of side effects and some of those side effects can be severe. Second-generation antipsychotics, also known as “atypical antipsychotics,” were developed in the 1980s. Second-generation antipsychotics have more metabolic symptoms, including obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia (Heldt, 2017; Stahl et al., 2021). Side effects from first-generation antipsychotics include extrapyramidal effects, such as tardive dyskinesia, rigidity, tremors, and seizures. There is no evidence that second generation antipsychotics are significantly more effective than first generation antipsychotics in the treatment of cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Stahl et al., 2021; Stroup, et al., 2003). 2. Compare and contrast the following conditions: Tardive Dyskinesia, Acute Dystonia, Athetosis, and Tics. Tardive dyskinesia is one of the symptoms of long-term use of a first -generation antipsychotic. It is a condition where there is constant or rhythmic involuntary movements that usually involves the muscles of the mouth. It can appear as lip smacking, chewing, excessive eye blinking, grimacing. These symptoms appear slowly over time. Tardive dyskinesia will not go away once the antipsychotic is stopped, it can become irreversible if present for too long. The risk of a patient developing tardive dyskinesia goes up with every year of continuous treatment. TD is specific to the use of antipsychotics (Heldt, 2017). Acute dystonia can develop within the first few hours of a patient receiving an antipsychotic. It is a sustained and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle group- usually involving the face or neck muscles. This is an easily reversible side effect and is managed with an anticholinergic drug such as Benadryl or Cogentin. This condition This study source was downloaded by 100000769192234 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2023 17:34:58 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/123197773/Discussion-7docx/ can resolve within a few minutes of proper medication and will not leave any long-term effects (Heldt, 2017). Athetosis is slow, involuntary, writhing movements of fingers, hands, toes and feet. Patients with this condition cannot maintain a stable or still position and when patients attempt to try to control the movements, symptoms can get worse. Athetosis is often a longterm symptom of continued use of first-generation antipsychotics (Holland, 2018). Tics are distinguished from EPS symptoms by the fact that tics are most commonly brief movements are able to be suppressed. Tics are sudden, rapid and repetitive movement (motor tics) or vocalizations (vocal tics). Those with tics feel the urge building up inside them before the tic appears, they these individuals report a feeling of relief after the tic is over. Although tics are involuntary, tics stop during sleep and patients can suppress the urge for short periods of time with effort (Martino, 2020). Heldt, J. P. (2017). Memorable psychopharmacology. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. Holland, K. (2018, July 18). What Is Athetosis? Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/athetosis Martino, D. (2020). Update on the Treatment of Tics in Tourette Syndrome and Other Chronic Tic Disorders. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-020-0620-z Stahl, S., Muntner, N., & Grady, M. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and clinical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Byerly, M. J., Glick, I. D., Canive, J. M., McGee, M. F., Simpson, G. M., Stevens, M. C., & Lieberman, J. A. (2003). The National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)

 Discuss the following points regarding the total quality management concept:

• Discuss personal experience in regard to quality improvement programs.
  • If you have no experience, you should gain some from friends or work colleagues or—as a last resort—news articles.
  • If news reports are used, references and in-text citations must be provided.
• What has led to the more comprehensive strategic view about total quality management?
• What impact did the quality improvement program have on the company or organization? Please provide specific examples demonstrating the impact.
• Why do some quality initiatives fail?

Each student will individually write a paper over a relevant maternal-infant nursing topic that is addressed by a Healthy People 2030 objective. Healthy People 2030 objectives are available at 

https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives
 .The concept chosen must be appropriate and relevant to maternal-infant nursing. The purpose of this assignment is three-fold:  to thoroughly research a topic of interest relating to maternal-infant nursing; to synthesize the information found; and to then draw inferences about the concept. 

This paper is expected to be short, succinct, focused, and developed on the chosen topic. The student can adequately address the criteria in 
3-5 pages, excluding the title and reference pages. All papers must be typed and in APA 7 format.  I encourage you to meet with Megan Hasler, the School of Nursing's librarian if needed for APA guidance or search questions, etc. 

Students are strongly encouraged to send papers to the Writing Center prior to submission.
  References must include a minimum of three (3) journal articles, and you may also include an appropriate medical/nursing dictionary or encyclopedia, the course textbook, the state department of health website for vital statistics, the CDC, etc. See evaluation criteria below for specific guidelines, and PDF attachment for a template.  
Due by Sunday, November 5, at 23:59pm. In the box below you will find examples of topics that have an associated Healthy People 2030 objective. Topic must be approved.

NO MORE THAN ONE QUOTE IN THE PAPER!

Maternal-Infant Concept Paper Evaluation Rubric

CRITERION	POINTS POSSIBLE
Topic is defined adequately	5
How is evidence-based practice being utilized regarding the topic chosen?	5
How does this relate to nursing practice? What are some nursing considerations?	10
Choose and identify one Healthy People 2030 objective related to your chosen topic and research how your state/region/county/city compares to the goal.	10
What effect does this topic have on the client?  What cultural barriers may exist to complicate care? Other cultural considerations?	10
APA Style/Format correct (references, citations, title page, etc.)	5
Grammar (spelling, punctuation) and Content (clear, appropriate word usage, complete sentences, paragraphs, etc.)	5
TOTAL	50

 

This Discussion has 2 parts:

1. GI
   • Make a comprehensive list of relevant information to gather when assessing abdominal pain.
   • How do you assess for masses in the abdomen and how you would document such findings?
   • Describe your findings on a previous patient that you have encountered where you have palpated a mass in the abdomen.
2. Musculoskeletal
   • Define, Compare, and Contrast the following conditions:
     • Osteoarthritis
     • Rheumatoid Arthritis