Introduction

PICO(T) is an acronym that helps researchers and practitioners define aspects of a potential study or investigation.

It stands for:

· P – Patient/population/problem.

· I – Intervention.

· C – Comparison (of potential interventions, typically).

· O – Outcome(s).

· T – Time frame (if time frame is relevant).

The end goal of applying PICO(T) is to develop a question that can help guide the search for evidence (Boswell & Cannon, 2015). From this perspective, a PICO(T) question can be a valuable starting point for nurses who are starting to apply an evidence-based model or EBPs. By taking the time to precisely define the areas in which the nurse will be looking for evidence, searches become more efficient and effective. Essentially, by precisely defining the types of evidence within specific areas, the nurse will be more likely to discover relevant and useful evidence during their search. When applying the PICO(T) approach, the nurse can isolate the interventions of interest and compare to other existing interventions for the evidenced impact on the outcome of the concern.

You are encouraged to complete the Vila Health PICO(T) Process activity before you develop the plan proposal. This activity offers an opportunity to practice working through creating a PICO(T) question within the context of an issue at a Vila Health facility. These skills will be necessary to complete Assessment 3 successfully. This is for your own practice and self-assessment and demonstrates your engagement in the course.

Reference

Boswell, C., & Cannon, S. (2015). 
Introduction to nursing research. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Professional Context

As a baccalaureate-prepared nurse, you will be responsible for locating and identifying credible and scholarly resources to incorporate the best available evidence for the purposes of enhancing clinical reasoning and judgement skills. When reliable and relevant evidence-based findings are utilized, patients, health care systems, and nursing practice outcomes are positively impacted.

PICO(T) is a framework that can help you structure your definition of the issue, potential approach that you are going to use, and your predictions related to the issue. Word choice is important in the PICO(T) process because different word choices for similar concepts will lead you toward different existing evidence and research studies that would help inform the development of your initial question. When writing a PICO(T)-formatted research question, you want to focus on the impact of the intervention and the comparison on the outcome you desire.

Scenario

For this assessment, please use a health care issue of interest from your current or past nursing practice.

If you do not have an issue of interest from your personal nursing practice, then review the optional Case Studies presented in the resources and select one of those as the basis for your assessment.

Instructions

For this assessment, select a health care issue of interest and apply the PICO(T) process to develop the research question and research it.

Your initial goal is to define the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. In some cases, a time frame is relevant and you should include that as well, when writing a question you can research related to your issue of interest. After you define your question, research it, and organize your initial findings, select the two sources of evidence that seem the most relevant to your question and analyze them in more depth. Specifically, interpret each source's specific findings and best practices related to your issues, as well explain how the evidence would help you plan and make decisions related to your question.

If you need some structure to organize your initial thoughts and research, the PICOT Question and Research Template document (accessible from the ”
Create PICO(T) Questions” page in the Capella library's Evidence Based Practice guide) might be helpful.

In your submission, make sure you address the following grading criteria:

· Define a practice issue to be explored via a PICO(T) approach. Create a PICO(T)-formatted research question

· Identify sources of evidence that could be potentially effective in answering a PICO(T) question (databases, journals, websites, etc.).

· Explain the findings from articles or other sources of evidence as it relates to the identified health care issue.

· Explain the relevance of the findings from chosen sources of evidence to making decision related to a PICO(T) question.

· Communicate using writing that is clear, logical, and professional with correct grammar and spelling using the current APA style.

Example Assessment: You may use the following to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like:

·
Assessment 3 Example [PDF]
 Download Assessment 3 Example [PDF].

Additional Requirements

Your assessment should meet the following requirements:

·
Length of submission:
 Create a 3-5-page submission focused on defining a research question and interpreting evidence relevant to answering it.

·
Number of references:
 Cite a minimum of four sources of scholarly or professional evidence that support your findings and considerations. Resources should be no more than 5 years old.

·
APA formatting: Format references and citations according to the current APA style.

Portfolio Prompt: Remember to save the final assessment to your ePortfolio so that you may refer to it as you complete the final capstone course.

Instructions

In small groups, students will develop a visual communication project—an infographic—in which they use an image(s) to create a message that meaningfully informs or persuades an audience. The infographic should be like a poster you might see on the wall in a doctor’s office, containing a variety of types of information on a topic.  The topic does not need to be restricted to healthcare.  Be sure to follow APA throughout, treat all copyrighted images as research sources, and cite appropriately. Be sure to address all rubric criteria.

Required Format and Process

This assignment has two parts: 1) in groups, students will create an infographic (an image or a collection of images combined with text for the purpose of making a statement, illustrating a concept, or describing a process); students should decide early if they are aiming to inform or persuade, and research must inform the project; 2) the group will incorporate appropriate language to support the message to complete their infographic.

Example: To complete this assignment, each group  will: 1) choose a focus and goal (to either inform or persuade); 2) decide on the approach (illustrate process or make an impact); 3) select or create appropriate image(s); 4) conduct relevant research; 5) incorporate appropriate text to support the overall message in a well-designed infographic. Note: any online image must be cited just as text would (groups are free to create their own images for the infographic by using their own creative means, such as photography, drawing, etc.).

Assignment Support

Be sure to check out the Visual Communication Assignment Support documentOpen this document with ReadSpeaker docReaderLinks to an external site., as it provides samples and tips for creating infographics for you to consider.

(USLO 8.2)

EVIDENCE-BASED PROJECT, PART 2: ADVANCED LEVELS OF CLINICAL INQUIRY AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS

Your quest to purchase a new car begins with an identification of the factors important to you. As you conduct a search of cars that rate high on those factors, you collect evidence and try to understand the extent of that evidence. A report that suggests a certain make and model of automobile has high mileage is encouraging. But who produced that report? How valid is it? How was the data collected, and what was the sample size?

In this Assignment, you will delve deeper into clinical inquiry by closely examining your PICO(T) question. You also begin to analyze the evidence you have collected.

To Prepare:

· Review the Resources and identify a clinical issue of interest that can form the basis of a clinical inquiry.

· Develop a PICO(T) question to address the clinical issue of interest you identified in Module 2 for the Assignment. This PICOT question will remain the same for the entire course.

· Use the key words from the PICO(T) question you developed and search at least four different databases in the Walden Library. Identify at least four relevant systematic reviews or other filtered high-level evidence, which includes meta-analyses, critically appraised topics (evidence syntheses), critically-appraised individual articles (article synopses). The evidence will not necessarily address all the elements of your PICO(T) question, so select the most important concepts to search and find the best evidence available.

· Reflect on the process of creating a PICO(T) question and searching for peer-reviewed research.

The Assignment (Evidence-Based Project)

Part 2: Advanced Levels of Clinical Inquiry and Systematic Reviews

Create a 6- to 7-slide PowerPoint presentation in which you do the following:

· Identify and briefly describe your chosen clinical issue of interest.

· Describe how you developed a PICO(T) question focused on your chosen clinical issue of interest.

· Identify the four research databases that you used to conduct your search for the peer-reviewed articles you selected.

· Provide APA citations of the four relevant peer-reviewed articles at the systematic-reviews level related to your research question. If there are no systematic review level articles or meta-analysis on your topic, then use the highest level of evidence peer reviewed article.

· Describe the levels of evidence in each of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected, including an explanation of the strengths of using systematic reviews for clinical research. Be specific and provide examples.

LEARNING RESOURCES

Required Readings

· Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2023). 
Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

· Chapter 2, “Asking Compelling Clinical Questions” (pp. 37–60)

· Chapter 3, “Finding Relevant Evidence to Answer Clinical Questions” (pp. 62–104)

· Davies, K. S. (2011). 
Formulating the evidence based practice question: A review of the frameworksLinks to an external site. for LIS professionals. 
Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 6(2), 75–80.

· Library of Congress. (n.d.). 

Search/browse help – Boolean operators and nestingLinks to an external site.

. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/ui/en_US/htdocs/help/searchBoolean.html

· Stillwell, S. B., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). 
Evidence-based practice, step by step: Asking the clinical question: A key step in evidence-based practice.Links to an external site. 
American Journal of Nursing, 110(3), 58–61.

· Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2009).
Evidence-based practice: Step by step: Igniting a spirit of inquiryLinks to an external site.
.Links to an external site. 
American Journal of Nursing, 109(11), 49–52. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000363354.53883.58

· Stillwell, S.B., Fineout-Overhold, E., Melnyk, B.M., & Williamson, K.M. (2010). 
Evidence-based practice step-by-step: Searching for evidence.Links to an external site. 
American Journal of Nursing, 110(5), 41-47.

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-a).
 

Databases A-Z: NursingLinks to an external site.

. Retrieved September 6, 2019, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/az.php?s=19981

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-c).
Evidence-based practice research: CINAHL search helpLinks to an external site.
. Retrieved September 6, 2019, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/healthevidence/cinahlsearchhelp

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-d). 

Evidence-based practice research: Joanna Briggs Institute search helpLinks to an external site.
. Retrieved September 6, 2019, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/healthevidence/jbisearchhelp

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-e). 

Evidence-based practice research: MEDLINE search helpLinks to an external site.
. Retrieved September 6, 2019, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/healthevidence/medlinesearchhelp

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-f). Keyword searching: 
Finding articles on your topic: Boolean termsLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/keyword/boolean

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-g). Keyword searching: Finding articles on your topic: 
Introduction to keyword searchingLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/keyword/searching-basics

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-h). 

Quick Answers: How do I find a systematic review article related to health, medicine, or nursing?Links to an external site.
 Retrieved September 6, 2019, from https://academicanswers.waldenu.edu/faq/72670

· Walden University Library. (n.d.-i). 

Systematic review.Links to an external site.
 Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/healthevidence/types#s-lg-box-1520654

Many organizations provide educational materials about osteoporosis, physical activity, and other topics pertinent to health promotion for musculoskeletal wellness. Some materials are available in Spanish and other languages, and many of these materials are free.

From the list below select on organization and an intervention that you could implement in your current place of work to promote health development of your patient/client population. State reasons why and the EBP behind your selection.

America on the Move Foundation

https://aom3.americaonthemove.org

American Cancer Society

www/cancer.org

American Heart Association

www.heart.org

Arthritis Foundation

www.arthritis.org

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

www.niams.nih.gov

National Cancer Institute

www.cancer.gov

National Osteoporosis Foundation

www.nof.org

Please note the grading rubric for the discussion board.

As a reminder, all discussion posts must be a minimum of 250 words, references must be cited in APA format 7th Edition and must include a minimum of 2 scholarly resources published within the past 5 years.

Introduction and quality of discussion’s Argument

60% of total result

Objectivity of Tone, overall quality & Review of Literature in APA 6th format within past 7 years

10% of total result

Grammar / Writing Skills

7% of total result