Interoperability in healthcare is an important but very complex issue. There are many issues to address in order to create an easy transition from one system to the next. Presented in your learning resources were 4 levels of interoperability. For this assignment you will select and utilize one of the levels.

In this discussion board respond to the following prompts:

• Identify the interoperability level you are utilizing for the assignment and a rationale to support your selection of that level.
• Describe the benefits interoperability provides between healthcare systems.
• Discuss some of the actual or potential concerns that may be associated with interoperability between healthcare systems.
• Minimun 250 words

 Power point

For this assessment, you will apply the four ethical principles to your healthcare topic (selected in Assessment 2), explain bias as it relates to your topic, and relate at least one of the Four Spheres of Care. Consider the ethical dilemmas healthcare professionals are faced with in your selected topic. Discuss at least one of the Four Spheres of Care and how it is important to understand the ethics of your topic as it relates to the sphere being discussed. Use the Capella University Library to locate at least two academic peer-reviewed journal articles you can use to support your analysis of the situation.

Use the four core principles that healthcare professionals need to know and honor when helping patients:

• Autonomy: To honor the patient’s right to make their own decisions.
• Beneficence: To help the patient advance their own good.
• Nonmaleficence: To do no harm.
• Justice: To be fair and treat like cases alike, which will be used to inform your work.

Select at least one of the Four Spheres of Care and discuss how an understanding of ethics is important as it relates to your chosen Sphere.

• Wellness, Disease Prevention.
• Chronic Disease Management.
• Regenerative/Restorative Care.
• Hospice/Palliative Care.

 To Prepare:

• Review the Resources and reflect on efforts to repeal/replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).
• Consider who benefits the most when policy is developed and in the context of policy implementation. 

Post an explanation for how you think the cost-benefit analysis in terms of legislators being reelected affected efforts to repeal/replace the ACA. Then, explain how analyses of the voters views may affect decisions by legislative leaders in recommending or positioning national policies (e.g., Congress’ decisions impacting Medicare or Medicaid). Remember, the number one job of a legislator is to be re-elected. Please check your discussion grading rubric to ensure your responses meet the criteria. 

to Mary G.

 

The Evolution of Nursing Science and Practice: Historical Opportunities and Challenges Many historical challenges have influenced the evolution of nursing science and practice related to society, academic legitimacy and professional boundaries. One of the most significant challenges was establishing nursing as its own science, rather than simply an extension of medicine. Doubt about the independence as an academic and scientific field presided in the nursing field until recently, given that the knowledge of this professional discipline was historically considered to have been borrowed from other disciplines and fields, specifically from the biomedical and social sciences. The positivist influence was prevalent in the mid-20th century, where the emphasis on theory development and empirical validation bred a rigid “hard science” perspective along a continuum of the optimization of society through the provision of services, where humanistic and social aspects of nursing practice were diminished (Da Silva & Wynn, 2025). This caused a tension between the desirable standardization of scientific method used to deliver care and the holistic, individualized care which is the essence of nursing.

Furthermore, highlighting the relevance of feminist theory to nursing science is crucial, since it matched the core values of nursing science which consisted of advocacy, care, and social justice. But, feminist-driven changes encountered political and gender biases and were resisted, which further delayed the full recognition of nursing as a legitimate science (Mendívil, Choperena, & Salas, 2025). This was further compounded by the postmodern turn in nursing theory that criticized traditional paradigms and encouraged qualitative research and patient-centered narratives, which some scholars and critics believed lacked the scientific basis. This has long been one of the major divides in nursing  between those favoring the production of objective knowledge and those calling for a more subjective epistemology and continues to be a key challenge to the discipline.

The other fundamental problem towards transform of nursing practice has been the restriction of independency and acknowledgement of nurse practitioners in the healthcare setups. Nursing used to be considered a step down from medicine, with nurses as caretakers under the orders of physicians, not independent practitioners. This limited their participation in the formation of healthcare policy and evidence-based practices specific to concerns important in nursing. The emergence of advanced practice nursing and higher education for nurses, especially the DNP, has improved the role of nurses as innovators in healthcare, but we still have a significant pathway to go when it comes to fully realize this potential. According to Finnegan et al. (2025, p.), it’s hard to align nursing competencies, education standards, and degrees, varied across institutions, and resisted by traditional medical hierarchies.

Evidence-based practice (Essential III) and healthcare policy and advocacy (Essential V), identified as critical areas within DNP Essentials, are key requirements in overcoming previous obstacles that have historically limited the independence of the nursing profession and the development of nursing practice. Nevertheless, integrating these competencies holistically still mandates advocacy, legislation, and cross-disciplinary efforts to disrupt systemic obstacles. The future must distill this social science knowledge and marry it with nursing science and practice while contextualizing both from a philosophical view while reinforcing the methodology of research and redefining the nurse as both scientist and practitioner.

References:

Da Silva, T. H. R., & Wynn, M. (2025). Introduction to digital nursing and nursing theory. King’s College London Publications. Retrieved from https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/introduction-to-digital-nursing-and-nursing-theory

Finnegan, L., Kelly-Weeder, S., Akintade, B. F., & Hooks, J. D. (2025). Harmonizing excellence: Crafting the nexus of competencies, standards, and degree demands in nurse practitioner education. Nursing Outlook. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029655425000016

Mendívil, M., Choperena, A., & Salas, V. (2025). Interventions to develop clinical judgment among nurses: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. Nurse Education in Practice. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471595325000563

1. The examining the patient signs and symptoms presented in the case study; discussing the 

primary cellular pathophysiological processes, and the significance for symptom 

development and diagnosis (make sure to review the labs)

2. What role do genetic mutations play in the development of the disease?

3. What is the impact of the disease on the immune system? …… How do treatment strategies 

target the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease?