The significance of composition and size of the sampling to be studied correlates to the size of the study and the representativeness of such study. The study size must be ethical and must be clearly stated. The protection of the participants must be outlined and detailed to protect its participants. Composition and size both are crucial to the research study to one is intended to present. Composition refers to the population being studied and its characteristics in contrast to the size which refers to the sample being researched and evaluated. Both composition and size play an important role in the research when producing a good outcome.

           The sample size for a study needs to be estimated at the time the study is proposed; too large a sample is unnecessary and unethical, and too small a sample is unscientific and unethical (Andrade, 2020). Studies in populations need to be done in sample sizing due to the inability to study a population as a whole, thus sampling sizing will provide a more accurate study. The necessary sample size can be calculated, using statistical software, based on certain assumptions. If no assumptions can be made, then an arbitrary sample size is set for a pilot study (Andrade, 2020). An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings (Ahmed, 2024).

           In conclusion when choosing a composition and a sampling size for research it is imperative that it is done in an ethical manner, the sample size must take into consideration as well as the population and effect size, statistical power and confidence level must be present allowing room for error. Precise calculation of sample size is an important step in such research, knowing the factors affecting the study will also play an important part in the research. Sample size calculations require assumptions about expected means and standard deviations, or event risks, in different groups; or, upon expected effect sizes (Andrade, 2020).

References

Andrade C. (2020). Sample Size and its Importance in Research. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 42(1), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_504_19

Bishop D. V. M. (2021). Using multiple outcomes in intervention studies: improving power while controlling type I errors. F1000Research, 10, 991. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73520.3

Buchholz, B.S.M.P.M.S. W. (2021). Research for Advanced Practice Nurses (4th ed.). Springer Publishing LLC. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780826151339

Sirwan Khalid Ahmed (2024). How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers, Oral Oncology Reports, Volume 12,100662, ISSN 2772-9060, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662.

#1

 

Reply from Heather Lopresto

To be an advocate for Policy development at the Federal level, you must be actively engaged with legislative efforts. To do so, you will need to be aware of who your legislators are.

In your discussion post, address the following:

• In which state do you live?

I live in the State of Florida

• Who are your state legislators? Include both your state senator and your state representative.

Senate: Danny Burgess

Representative: Danny Alvarez 

• Who are your federal legislators? Include both your U.S. senator and U.S. representative. (You could have more than one for each.)

Senate: Rick Scott and Ashley Moody

Representative: Vern Buchanan

Then, visit Congress.govLinks to an external site. and choose one piece of pending federal legislation about which you feel passionate.

• What is the name of the pending legislation? Include both number and title.

I chose H.R. 8848 – Affordable and Safe Prescription Drug Importation Act of 2024. This bill would allow U.S. residents to import prescription drugs from other countries where they are often sold at lower prices (Congress.gov, 2024). 

• Where is it in the policy development process – is it heading to the House or heading to the Senate?

The bill is currently in the House of Representatives, specifically with the Committee on Energy and Commerce. If the committee approves the bill, it will go to the full House for a vote. If passed, it will move to the Senate for further consideration. As Mason et al. (2021) explain, bills usually start in one part of Congress, and if they are approved, they continue through various steps until they can become law.

• Why are you passionate about this particular piece of pending legislation?

I feel strongly about this bill because prescription drug prices in the U.S. are too high for many people. Expensive medications often prevent people from getting the treatment they need, which leads to worse health outcomes. Allowing Americans to buy cheaper drugs from other countries could help make healthcare more affordable and accessible, especially for those who struggle to afford their medications.

• Depending on whether it’s approaching the House or the Senate, which of your federal legislators would you contact if you wanted to advocate for this bill to become a law?

Since this bill is in the House of Representatives, I would contact my representative to express my support for the bill. If my representative is on the Energy and Commerce Committee, I would try to reach out to them, as they are directly involved in reviewing the bill. According to Mason et al. (2021), contacting key legislators is an important step in advocating for a bill. Even if my representative isn’t on the committee, I would still encourage them to support the bill when it comes up for a vote in the House.

#2

 

I currently live in Texas and have multiple state and federal legislators. On the state level, there is Phil King as Senator and Mike Olcott as state representative (Plural Policy, n.d.). For my federal legislators, you’ll find Craig Goldman, John Cornyn as representatives and Ted Cruz as the senator (Plural Policy, n.d.).

One piece of pending federal legislation that stands out to me is the Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act of 2024 (H.R. 7546). This bill would amend the Social Security Act to limit how much mandatory overtime nurses can be required to work in certain Medicare-participating facilities. Right now, it’s in the House of Representatives, specifically with the House Committee on Energy and Commerce (Congress.gov, 2024).

I’m passionate about this bill because mandatory overtime is a huge issue in nursing. I habitually work overtime, but by choice. I don’t believe that overtime should be mandatory to where a nurse doesn’t get to decide her hours each week. Long hours lead to burnout, mistakes, and overall poor patient care. Nurses aren’t robots—we need rest to provide safe, quality care. If this bill passes, it could help improve working conditions and patient outcomes.

Since it’s still in the House, I’d reach out to Craig Goldman, my U.S. Representative for Texas’s 12th Congressional District, to advocate for it. A quick email or call explaining why this matters could make a difference. Nurses’ voices need to be heard on this one!

Reference:

Congress.gov. (2024). H.R.7546 – Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act of 2024. U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 12, 2025, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/7546Links to an external site.

 

Pulmonary Function:
D.R. is a 27-year-old man, who presents to the nurse practitioner at the Family Care Clinic complaining of increasing SOB, wheezing, fatigue, cough, stuffy nose, watery eyes, and postnasal drainage—all of which began four days ago. Three days ago, he began monitoring his peak flow rates several times a day. His peak flow rates have ranged from 65-70% of his regular baseline with nighttime symptoms for 3 nights on the last week and often have been at the lower limit of that range in the morning. Three days ago, he also began to self-treat with frequent albuterol nebulizer therapy. He reports that usually his albuterol inhaler provides him with relief from his asthma symptoms, but this is no longer enough treatment for this asthmatic episode.

Case Study Questions

1. According to the case study information, how would you classify the severity of D.R. asthma attack?
2. Name the most common triggers for asthma in any given patients and specify in your answer which ones you consider applied to D.R. on the case study.
3. Based on your knowledge and your research, please explain the factors that might be the etiology of D.R. being an asthmatic patient.

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Homeostasis:
Ms. Brown is a 70-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus who has been too ill to get out of bed for 2 days. She has had a severe cough and has been unable to eat or drink during this time. On admission, her laboratory values show the following:

• Serum glucose 412 mg/dL
• Serum sodium (Na+) 156 mEq/L
• Serum potassium (K+) 5.6 mEq/L
• Serum chloride (Cl–) 115 mEq/L
• Arterial blood gases (ABGs): pH 7.30; PaCO2 32 mmHg; PaO2 70 mmHg; HCO3– 20 mEq/L

Case Study Questions

1. Based on Ms. Brown admission’s laboratory values, could you determine what type of water and electrolyte imbalance does she has?
2. Describe the signs and symptoms to the different types of water imbalance and described clinical manifestation she might exhibit with the potassium level she has.
3. In the specific case presented which would be the most appropriate treatment for Ms. Brown and why?
4. What the ABGs from Ms. Brown indicate regarding her acid-base imbalance?
5. Based on your readings and your research define and describe Anion Gaps and its clinical significance.

Submission Instructions:

• You must complete both case studies
• Your initial post should be at least 500 words per case study, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. 

Bb week 2 po

Create a Venn diagram showing the major factors contributing to the obesity epidemic in the United States.

You must include at least two academic sources, formatted and cited according to current APA standards.

Review the rubric to determine how your assignment will be graded.

Your assignment will be checked for plagiarism through Turnitin. Check your results, make any necessary corrections, and resubmit a revised copy if the system identifies any issues.