Covid-19 and the Need for Health Care Reform (King, 2020) NEJM .
Identify 1 flaw in the US healthcare system that was made evident during the pandemic, and 1 innovation duirng the pandemic that improved health care.
Please read the article above and answer the question in not more than two pages.
Explain your null hypothesis and alternate hypotheses for your research question and identify the dependent and independent variables that you would recommend to best support the research study
Week 4 ion channel —2 Peer Response 800w. due9-26-23
Instructions:
Please read and respond to the two peers' initial postings for week 2 below. Consider the following questions in your responses.
Compare and contrast your initial posting with those of your peers.
1. How are they similar or how are they different?
2. What information can you add that would help support the responses of your peers?
3. Ask your peers a question for clarification about their post.
4. What most interests you about their responses?
5. Summaries at least 1 evidence based article that supports there point.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
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Response 1 400 words mam
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Differentiate between the opening of a ligand-gated ion channel and a voltage-sensitive ion channel.
· In the nervous system, there are two important types of ion channels: voltage-gated ion channels and ligand-gated ion channels. Both of these ion channels play crucial roles in transmitting electrical signals, often referred to as messages, throughout the nervous system. Each type of channel has its own specific mechanism for opening and closing. These ion channel proteins are influenced by various stimuli or external factors, which can trigger their activation or deactivation within the cell's plasma membrane (Xiao-Yu, 2023).
· Ligand-gated ion channels, as their name suggests, require a ligand to open. Ligands are chemical messengers that can bind to protein receptors on the channel. In simpler terms, when a specific chemical, such as a neurotransmitter, binds to the channel's receptor, it triggers a conformational change in the protein channel. As a result, the channel gains the ability to open, allowing ions (usually Na+, K+, or Cl-) to flow through the channel pore (Stahl, 2021). Ligands can include neurotransmitters, hormones, medications, and other molecules. Each ligand-gated ion channel has a specific binding site for its particular ligand. Most ligand-gated ion channels are located at synapses. When neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, they can bind to their specific binding sites on ligand-gated ion channels found in the post-synaptic cell membrane. This binding facilitates the transfer of signals. Ligand-gated channels are known for their rapid response and are well-suited for fast synaptic transmissions (Stahl, 2021).
· Voltage-gated ion channels are distinct from ligand-gated channels in that they respond to changes in electrical charge, specifically the membrane potential, rather than chemical ligands. These ion channels are regulated by alterations in the voltage across the cell membrane. The distribution of positive and negative ions on either side of the cell membrane varies. Typically, during the resting state, the inside of the cell membrane carries a more negative charge compared to the outside. When a signal is potent enough to elevate the positive voltage within the cell membrane, reaching a critical threshold, the voltage-gated channels open (depolarization). During the depolarization period, voltage-gated ion channels allow the transfer of ions, which initiates an action potential. Various stimuli or external factors have the capability to trigger the activation or deactivation of voltage-gated channel proteins present within the cell's plasma membrane. Voltage-sensitive channels are distributed along the axons and dendrites of neurons throughout the nervous system. Additionally, they can be found in other excitable cell types, including muscle and cardiac cells (Stahl, 2021).
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References
· Stahl, S. M. (2021).
Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application (5th ed.).
· Xiao-Yu, D. (2023). Calcium ion channels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Journal of Fungi, 9(5), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9050524
Response 2. 400 words mc
Compare and contrast the two different major classes of ion channels.
The two major classes of ion channels according to Stahl (2021), are
ligand-gated ion channels, ionotropic receptors and ion-channel-linked receptors and
voltage-sensitive or voltage-gated ion channels. Ligand-gated ion channels are ion channels that are closed and opened by actions of neurotransmitter ligands at receptors acting as gatekeepers. The neurotransmitter binds to the gatekeeper receptor, which in turn causes a conformational change in the receptor, opening the ion channel. The receptors regulate the opening and closing of the ion channels and are therefore ligand-gated ion channels. On the other hand, the opening and closing of voltage-sensitive or voltage-gated ion channels is regulated by voltage potential or ionic charge across the membrane in which they reside (Stahl, 2021).
Explain the difference between full agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists.
The action of full agonists is to change the conformation of the receptor to open the ion channel the maximum amount and frequency allowed by the binding site (Stahl, 2021). Consequently, the maximum amount of downside signal transduction is triggered and medicated by the binding site. In contrast, partial agonists change the receptor conformation to open the ion channel to a greater extent and more frequently than its resting state (Stahl, 2021). As a result, the downstream signal transduction and ion flow produced in the absence of an agonist is greater than the resting state but less than that of full agonists.
Antagonists, on the other hand, stabilize the receptor in the resting state, which is similar to the state of the receptor in the absence of agonist (Stahl, 2021). Antagonists are said to be silent or neutral because the resting state is the same in the absence or presence of an antagonist. The resting state of an antagonist is not a fully closed ion channel and as a result, some degree of ion flow through the channel even in the absence of an agonist and in the presence of antagonist. Inverse agonists are neither neutral nor silent like the antagonists. They produce a conformational change in the receptors at ligand-gated ion channels causing the channel to close first, then stabilizing it in an inactive form. As a result of inactive conformation action of inverse agonists, ion flow and signal transduction are functionally reduced compared to the resting state. The action of inverse agonists is reversed by antagonists (Stahl, 2021).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2021).
Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1.
Explore one of the agencies for quality improvement listed in this module’s lecture. Write a one-page summary of what the agency does, who it affects, and how it is utilized. Below is the list of agencies.
There are many agencies that assist hospitals in becoming expert in using continuous quality improvement. Key organizations include:
Please see the attachment for instructions
Adeyanju Bello
11/10/23, 2:49 PM NEW
The nurse and the patient must be aware of the interactions between medications and nutrients. The nurse must be able to ensure that the correct dose is given and that no negative interactions occur when showing the drug or explaining how to take it. The patient must comprehend and follow instructions correctly.
Fentanyl is a drug that interacts with nutrition. Fentanyl is used to treat “breakthrough” pain by altering the brain's and nervous system's response to pain. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice should be avoided because they increase the amount of medicine in the body, which can lead to an overabundance of fentanyl.
Warfarin is a blood thinner that prevents blood clots from forming or developing in the blood or blood arteries. Warfarin interacts with foods when you eat a constant amount of vitamin K. Broccoli, spinach, and kale are green, leafy vegetables that can make the drug less effective.
Linezolid is another medication that interacts with nutrition. This drug treats infections (such as pneumonia) and prevents bacteria from growing. If the patient is taking linezolid, tyramine-containing meals should be avoided. Cheese, excessive chocolate, caffeine, yogurt, raisins, bananas, sour cream, and sausage are all examples. The interaction can cause blood pressure to rise dangerously.
The interactions should be explained during client education so that the patient understands the importance of following the medication directions. An important point to remember about fentanyl medication is that increasing the dosage can increase the risk of overdosing and severe side effects (respiratory failure). The takeaway for warfarin is that the vitamin K level must be monitored and consistent for the medication to work correctly—finally, the importance of avoiding tyramine-containing foods while on linezolid should be thoroughly explained.
Amy Sanchez
11/9/23, 11:18 PM
NEW
Top of Form
1: Warfarin and Vitamin K
Interaction: Warfarin is a blood thinner that works by blocking the action of vitamin K, which is needed for blood clotting. Consuming foods high in vitamin K can interfere with the effectiveness of warfarin.
Foods to avoid: Foods high in vitamin K include leafy green vegetables (kale, spinach, cabbage), broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and liver.
Client education: Patients taking warfarin should be advised to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K-rich foods. They should not completely avoid these foods but rather consume them in moderation to have a consistent balance of vitamin K intake. Regular monitoring of the blood clotting time is crucial in preventing complications.
Interaction 2: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and Tyramine
Interaction: MAOIs are used to treat depression, but they can interact with tyramine, a compound found in certain foods. MAOIs block the action of the enzyme that breaks down tyramine, leading to its accumulation, which can cause a sudden increase in blood pressure.
Foods to avoid: Foods high in tyramine include aged cheeses, cured meats (sausages, pepperoni), fermented foods (sauerkraut, soy sauce), and some alcoholic beverages.
Client education: Patients taking MAOIs must be informed about the potential risks of consuming foods high in tyramine, as it can lead to hypertensive crisis. They should be educated on the importance of avoiding these foods, especially during the early stages of MAOI treatment. Awareness of alternative food choices is crucial to ensure a safe diet.
Interaction 3: Calcium and Tetracycline antibiotics
Interaction: Calcium can bind to tetracycline antibiotics in the gastrointestinal tract, forming insoluble complexes that reduce the absorption of the medication.
Foods to avoid: Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt), calcium-fortified orange juice, and high-calcium foods like spinach and kale.
Client education: Clients on tetracycline antibiotics should be advised to avoid calcium-rich foods or supplements for several hours before and after taking the medication. It is important to emphasize the significance of adhering to the recommended dosing schedule to ensure optimal absorption and effectiveness of the antibiotics.
Bottom of Form
1) Watch the entire scenario. In the scenario assignment, you are asked to reflect on responses to the presented scenario.
2) Fill out the template attached below
3) Compose the last question on the template reflection in a Word document and be sure to address, at a minimum, the following questions:
*Why do you feel the way you do about the issue presented?
*Of the four responses offered in the scenario, which do you think is the most ethical and why?
*Which ethical theory would you use to support your stance? Why does this theory work?
4) Support your conclusions with evidence and specific examples from the textbook, including a minimum of one theory of ethics to defend your stance.
In a 5-6 page Microsoft Word document, compare and contrast Britain’s and the United States health history and current structure, including: Different philosophical approaches to the provision of care Organization Financing Delivery of health services and public health systems Utilize your textbook and other scholarly sources for this assignment help to assist with your research. You may also find the following websites helpful: The Future of Public Health: A History of the Public Health System Overview of Healthcare in the UK
MAP-IT framework is a tool for organizing and gauging societal public health endeavors. Experienced and inexperienced public health workers may use MAP-IT processes to build ans develop a community that is healthy (McKnight, Kretzmann 1996). The MAP-IT approach takes time, effort, and a series of stages to ‘map out’ the journey towards a community’s desired change. Remember that there is no one solution that fit all when it comes to this, therefore, some procedures are needed repetitively. A coalition can use MAP-IT to develop a chronological, organized plan aimed towards a given community’s requirements.
Mobilize
Nursing intervention is developed to establish and enforce park exercise activities in zip code 33127. After looking at the data collected from the community at zip code 33127, it was rather evident that residents, especially on the north side of the zip code, are not even trying to participate in the community’s public parks.
Following the underlying investigation, the nurse intervention determines that a different strategy is required, and it brings together important stakeholders in the postal district 33127 to help nurture an agreement. The Nursing Intervention Task Force will comprise representatives from environmental health, education, and the community public health practitioners. The task force’s mission is to develop and maintain a healthy community in the postal district.
Assess
The task force holds a strategic planning meeting; furthermore, the task force holds data mining on healthy living from exercise. During the assessment, the task force discovered that the rate of chronic diseases reported in the postal district 33127 is alarming, especially among young people in the community. It has been discovered that the lack of physical exercise majorly triggers chronic disease.
Currently, the staffing, skills and information on the importance of healthy living are at our disposal, but where do we go from there? From further deliberation, it is concluded that we would need funding to conduct public awareness campaigns, initiate the building fitness park, and install outdoor exercise equipment.
Plan
During the afternoon of the strategic planning meeting, the task force agreed that installing at least four outdoor fitness equipment in the postal district 33127 should be the priority in addressing the rising chronic illness rate.
Our head decided to contact a community-based organization (CBO) with a long history of dealing with public workout equipment installation and ask them to assist in developing a project plan. If money is approved, the CBO signs a letter of understanding to participate in the project. In addition, the director collaborates with other members of the postal district’s health department and government to draft a plan.
We suggest a pilot program in which exercise equipment is installed in public parks. Some unemployed locals would be trained to assist in the procedures as part of the pilot program. We also decided to keep an eye on the rate of chronic illnesses to determine if it is decreasing. The federal government funds the project due to supporting data being the primary cause.
Implement
The CBO is enthusiastic about the project and is in charge of communicating with locals about the installations and reacting to emerging issues. In addition, the CBO is responsible for overseeing and performing the project’s training and employment aspects.
Our project manager manages the whole project and collaborates with contractors to ensure proper completion. In the parks, equipment such as sit-up benches, dip and leg raise stations, vertical ladders, and rope climbs is erected. In addition, two parks dedicated to workouts are being built. All of this takes place over the course of one and a half years.
Track
The task force keeps track of the project’s development and gathers official and informal data to assess its impact. Since the parks have been improved, the number of cases of chronic illnesses has decreased. Residents say they feel healthier now than they did before the adoption, and there are fewer incidents of heart attacks. Consequently, the inhabitants are pleased with the workout equipment in the parks. The task group understands that they must remain focused and engaged for the program to continue.
In the execution of a solution, evaluation and tracking are critical activities. These tasks, which are carried out in phases, offer practitioners various information (McEwan & Bigelow, 1997). For example, the preliminary evaluation aids in the identification of barriers and risks. It is feasible to take early strategies that focus on this knowledge to optimize the advantages of the solution while avoiding the danger of failure (StudyCorgi, 2021). The post-evaluation of results aids in determining the plan’s overall efficiency. The information may be utilized to improve the existing educational program and help design new, more complex ones.
REFERENCES
StudyCorgi. (2021) MAP-IT Model: Evaluation of Plan Effectiveness. Retrieved 21 June 2022, from https://studycorgi.com/map-it-model-evaluation-of-plan-effectiveness/
McEwan, K., & Bigelow, A. (1997). Using a logic model to focus health services on population health goals. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 12(1): 167-174.
McKnight, J. L., & Kretzmann, J. P. (1996) Mapping Community Capacity. Onlyassignmenthelp.com The Asset-Based Community Development Institute, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University.
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