Please replies to these two work with 200 words each one with  a reflection of their response 

FIRST-Screening, a fundamental component of nursing practice, entails administering measures or tests to differentiate individuals who may have a particular condition from those who probably do not. This pivotal healthcare tool offers a multitude of advantages while also presenting some notable disadvantages, requiring nurses to navigate the complexities of its implementation carefully.

One of the most significant advantages of screening in nursing is its potential for early disease detection. This advantage is crucial for conditions like cancer, where earlier identification can significantly improve treatment outcomes (Crosby et al., 2022). By regularly administering screening tests, nurses can identify health issues in their nascent stages, enabling prompt intervention and increasing the likelihood of successful treatment.

Additionally, screening equips nurses to provide preventative care effectively. Healthcare professionals can use screening to find people more likely to develop a specific condition and then take preventative measures to lower that risk. This can entail suggesting dietary adjustments, physical activity, and providing immunizations to lower the chance of contracting an illness. Preventive measures can lower the incidence of various diseases, which can significantly positively impact public health overall.

The potential long-term cost-effectiveness of screening is another benefit. While the initial costs of screening programs might seem high, compared to managing advanced-stage illnesses, early disease detection and treatment frequently necessitate less intensive interventions and resources (van der Aalst et al., 2021). Therefore, early detection and intervention can lead to significant cost savings for patients and healthcare systems, consistent with providing healthcare at a reasonable cost.

Nonetheless, there are some disadvantages to screening in nursing practice. The possibility of false-positive and false-negative results is one major worry. Erroneous results from screening tests can have serious repercussions because they are not perfect (Wikramaratn et al., 2020). False positive results can cause patients to experience needless worry, more diagnostic testing, and higher medical expenses. On the other hand, false negative results may give rise to a false sense of security, postponing required medical intervention and possibly allowing the illness to worsen unchecked.

Another notable disadvantage of screening is the phenomenon of overdiagnosis. Some screening tests may identify conditions that would never have caused harm or required treatment in an individual’s lifetime. This situation can lead to overtreatment, expose patients to unnecessary risks, and escalate healthcare costs. Overdiagnosis underscores the importance of carefully weighing the benefits and harms of screening.

Ethical considerations also loom large in the world of screening. Deciding who should be screened, at what age, and how frequently can be ethically challenging. It involves a delicate balance between potential benefits and harms. In some instances, individuals may feel coerced into screening, infringing on their autonomy and raising ethical dilemmas regarding informed consent.

In conclusion, screening in nursing practice is a powerful tool with a multifaceted impact. Nurses must meticulously evaluate the advantages and disadvantages when implementing screening programs and communicate effectively with patients to make informed decisions. While early disease detection and prevention benefits are undeniable, nurses must also remain cognizant of potential drawbacks to ensure the highest patient care and ethical practice standards.

 

SECOND-In modern healthcare, health promotion and disease prevention are highly emphasized instead of treatment. The premise is that with prevention, healthcare professionals can detect an individual’s disease risk or identify any healthcare concerns early enough to initiate effective treatment protocols. Screening tests are part of the prevention strategies, and they come with some advantages and disadvantages: 

The most common advantage of screening tests is that they can be used to identify disease at its early stages. Screening tests are usually done on patients who do not feel sick. Such patients may have hidden illnesses developing. However, if the illness is identified, it may be treated early to avoid further complications. For example, cancer may be identified at an early stage before it spreads out to vital organs. Treatment at this stage may have a higher likelihood of better patient outcomes. 

Also, screening tests can be used to detect a disease risk, such as the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke (Krist et al., 2021). If found at risk, the patient may be asked to initiate effective lifestyle changes that protect them from developing the disease. In another example, a blood sample may be used to screen for a patient’s cholesterol levels. If the patient is found with abnormal cholesterol levels, they may be rendered at high risk of heart disease (Mortensen et al., 2023). The healthcare professional may recommend a reduction of cholesterol in the diet to prevent the disease. This suggests that screening tests are quite helpful in detecting disease risks. 

However, screening tests may come with certain disadvantages. For example, specific screening tools may expose patients to harmful health effects. Such tools include X-rays, which may emit high radiation levels and increase the risk of radiation poisoning (Jaglan et al., 2019). 

Another con is that screening tests may not be entirely reliable. This is because there are several cases of false positives or false negatives, which may lead to unnecessary treatments or unmet healthcare needs and additional hefty medical costs. Also, screening tests may expose the healthcare system to poor resource management or allocation, especially if the tests are publicly administered but with less health impact on the participants. The premise of this point is that healthcare systems have limited resources and must make decisions based on opportunity costs. If such decisions are not effective, the health system may be deemed inefficient. Therefore, public health decision-makers need to compare the advantages and disadvantages plus costs before making such decisions.

See attached. 

Only need last 2 sections

comprehensive diabetes care

Develop an intervention (your capstone project), as a solution to the patient, family, or population problem you've defined. Submit the proposed intervention to the faculty for review and approval. This solution needs to be implemented (shared) with your patient, family, or group. You are not to share your intervention with your patient, family, or group or move on to Assessment 5 before your faculty reviews/approves the solution you submit in Assessment 4. In a separate written deliverable, write a 5–7 page analysis of your intervention.

Please submit both your solution/intervention and the 5–7 page analysis to complete Assessment 4.

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Introduction

In your first three assessments, you applied new knowledge and insight gleaned from the literature, from organizational data, and from direct consultation with the patient, family, or group (and perhaps with subject matter and industry experts) to your assessment of the problem. You’ve examined the problem from the perspectives of leadership, collaboration, communication, change management, policy, quality of care, patient safety, costs to the system and individual, technology, care coordination, and community resources. Now it’s time to turn your attention to proposing an intervention (your capstone project), as a solution to the problem.

Preparation

In this assessment, you’ll develop an intervention as a solution to the health problem you’ve defined. To prepare for the assessment, think about an appropriate intervention, based on your work in the preceding assessments, that will produce tangible, measurable results for the patient, family, or group. In addition, you might consider using a root cause analysis to explore the underlying reasons for a problem and as the basis for developing and implementing an action plan to address the problem. Some appropriate interventions include the following:

· Creating an educational brochure.

· Producing an educational voice-over PowerPoint presentation or video focusing on your topic.

· Creating a teaching plan for your patient, family, or group.

· Recommending work process or workflow changes addressing your topic.

Plan to spend at least 3 direct practicum hours working with the same patient, family, or group.

In addition, you may wish to complete the following:

· Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide to ensure that you understand the work you will be asked to complete and how it will be assessed.

· Conduct sufficient research of the scholarly and professional literature to inform your work and meet scholarly expectations for supporting evidence.

Note: As you revise your writing, check out the resources listed on the Writing Center’s 

Writing Support
 page.

Instructions

Complete this assessment in two parts: (a) develop an intervention as a solution to the problem and (b) submit your proposed intervention, with a written analysis, to your faculty for review and approval.

Part 1

Develop an intervention, as a solution to the problem, based on your assessment and supported by data and scholarly, evidence-based sources.

Incorporate relevant aspects of the following considerations that shaped your understanding of the problem:

· Leadership.

· Collaboration.

· Communication.

· Change management.

· Policy.

· Quality of care.

· Patient safety.

· Costs to the system and individual.

· Technology.

· Care coordination.

· Community resources.

Part 2

Submit your proposed intervention to your faculty for review and approval.

In a separate written deliverable, write a 5–7 page analysis of your intervention.

· Summarize the patient, family, or population problem.

· Explain why you selected this problem as the focus of your project.

· Explain why the problem is relevant to your professional practice and to the patient, family, or group.

In addition, address the requirements outlined below. These requirements correspond to the scoring guide criteria for this assessment, so be sure to address each main point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed. In addition, note the additional requirements for document format and length and for supporting evidence.

· Define the role of leadership and change management in addressing the problem.

· Explain how leadership and change management strategies influenced the development of your proposed intervention.

· Explain how nursing ethics informed the development of your proposed intervention.

· Include a copy of the intervention/solution/professional product.

· Propose strategies for communicating and collaborating with the patient, family, or group to improve outcomes associated with the problem.

· Identify the patient, family, or group.

· Discuss the benefits of gathering their input to improve care associated with the problem.

· Identify best-practice strategies from the literature for effective communication and collaboration to improve outcomes.

· Explain how state board nursing practice standards and/or organizational or governmental policies guided the development of your proposed intervention.

· Cite the standards and/or policies that guided your work.

· Describe research that has tested the effectiveness of these standards and/or policies in improving outcomes for this problem.

· Explain how your proposed intervention will improve the quality of care, enhance patient safety, and reduce costs to the system and individual.

· Cite evidence from the literature that supports your conclusions.

· Identify relevant and available sources of benchmark data on care quality, patient safety, and costs to the system and individual.

· Explain how technology, care coordination, and the utilization of community resources can be applied in addressing the problem.

· Cite evidence from the literature that supports your conclusions.

· Write concisely and directly, using active voice.

· Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references.

Additional Requirements

·
Format: Format the written analysis of your intervention using APA style. 

APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]
 is provided to help you in writing and formatting your paper. Be sure to include:

· A title page and reference page. An abstract is not required.

· Appropriate section headings.

·
Length: Your paper should be approximately 5–7 pages in length, not including the reference page.

·
Supporting evidence: Cite at least five sources of scholarly or professional evidence that support your central ideas. Resources should be no more than five years old. Provide in-text citations and references in APA format.

·
Proofreading: Proofread your paper, before you submit it, to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it more difficult for them to focus on its substance.

Portfolio Prompt: Save your intervention to your 
ePortfolio. After you complete your program, you may want to consider leveraging your portfolio as part of a job search or other demonstration of your academic and professional competencies.

Competencies Measured

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria:

· Competency 1: Lead people and processes to improve patient, systems, and population outcomes.

· Define the role of leadership and change management in addressing a patient, family, or population health problem and includes a copy of intervention/solution/professional product.

· Competency 3: Transform processes to improve quality, enhance patient safety, and reduce the cost of care.

· Explain how a proposed intervention to address a patient, family, or population health problem will improve the quality of care, enhance patient safety, and reduce costs to the system and individual.

· Competency 4: Apply health information and patient care technology to improve patient and systems outcomes.

· Explain how technology, care coordination, and the utilization of community resources can be applied in addressing a patient, family, or population health problem.

· Competency 5: Analyze the impact of health policy on quality and cost of care.

· Explain how state board nursing practice standards and/or organizational or governmental policies guided the development of a proposed intervention.

· Competency 6: Collaborate interprofessionally to improve patient and population outcomes.

· Propose strategies for communicating and collaborating with a patient, family, or group to improve outcomes associated with a patient, family, or population health problem.

· Competency 8: Integrate professional standards and values into practice.

· Write concisely and directly, using active voice.

· Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references

Please see the attachment for instructions